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The viability of the tooth, in particular its sensitivity, provides the neurovascular bundle (pulp). Removal of the pulp (depulpation) is a forced measure, which is resorted to for serious indications (pulpitis, root cysts, damage to the pulp chamber due to trauma, etc.). Painful discomfort for several days after depulping is a normal reaction of tissues to the intervention. But if the tooth hurts after nerve removal and canal filling 2-3 weeks later, or if the pain occurs sharply long after endodontic treatment - this is a serious reason to consult a dentist.

Even treated teeth should be examined every year to diagnose or rule out complications at an early stage. A depulped tooth doesn't hurt, but it's like a ticking time bomb. Poor treatment of canals can provoke complications that destroy the jawbone, cause purulent processes (cysts, abscesses), lif…

A gummy smile is a physiological feature in which the upper gingiva is excessively exposed. In a normal smile, 1-2 mm of gingiva is visible, if it is more, such a smile is called gingival smile or "gummy smile". This exposure of the mucosa is not considered a pathology, does not affect diction, chewing function and does not affect the health of the teeth.

However, studies claim that excessive exposure of the mucosa leads to lower self-esteem and psychological changes. in 25% of cases [1].

The gingiva is overexposed, mainly due to the structure of themaxilla (maxilla). Its overdevelopment leads to the fact that even a normal upper lip appears short and is unable to cover the mucosa fully.

Another cause is excessive lifting of the upper lip. If the circular muscles of the mouth are too strong (the medical term is "overactive"), the lip rises higher than normal. The teeth and gums may be normal in size, but the lip is just p…

Periodontal disease is a dystrophic lesion of the tissues surrounding the tooth and holding it in the alveolus (dental cavity). It is accompanied by atrophy of certain areas of the periodontium, sclerotic changes in bone tissues, reduction of bone mass, gingival recession, exposure of tooth necks and increased sensitivity. As the disease progresses, the height of the alveolar process decreases, the gingival joints are completely destroyed, the bone walls of the tooth cells resorb, leading to tooth loss.

The disease is characterized by a slow course, clinical signs are manifested with significant destructive changes in the periodontium. Diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical picture, the results of X-ray examination. Only a dentist can notice the beginning of pathological changes in periodontal tissues. If the patient sees the symptoms of periodontal disease, then the disease has been going on for many years.

Detect the symptoms o…

Tetracycline teeth - a type of systemic enamel hypoplasia, resulting from the intake of antibiotics of the tetracycline group, when teeth, their rudiments are formed, mineralization of dental, bone tissues is underway. It is characterized by a pronounced change in the color of enamel, its structural disorder. Coloration is subjected to the cutting edges of incisors, the chewing surface of molars. The color of tetracycline teeth can vary from bright yellow to blue-brown, the severity of the shade depends on the drug, its dose, duration of intake. Not only the surface enamel layer is stained, but also deeper tissues, which causes difficulties in restoring natural whiteness.

Periodontitis is a periodontal disease of inflammatory nature that leads to destruction of the gingival junction and tooth loss without appropriate treatment. It begins with inflammation of the gingiva, occurring as chronic gingivitis. Later on, the pathological process affects deeper tissues, leading to the destruction of the periodontium, the dental alveolus (cavity), the adjacent jawbone.

The tooth and periodontium is a single functionally and morphologically related system. Damage to its individual elements violates the functionality of the dental unit, leads to a violation of gingival attachment, the formation of deep gingival pockets, the formation of abscesses, fistulas on the gingiva, loosening, loss of teeth.